Method and apparatus for removing a continuous film of material from the surface of drying drums



Jl1ne27, 1944. G. N. HARCOURT ET AL 2,352,195

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING CONTINUOUS FILM OF MATERIAL FROM THE SURFACE OF DRYING DRUMS Filed Sept. 20, 1941 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTORS 2,352,195 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING CONTINUOUS FILM June 27, 1944. G. N. HARCOURT ET AL A OF MATERIAL FROM THE SURFACE OF DRYING DRUMS Filed Sept. 20, 1941 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 lNVENTOR-S June 1944. G.-N. HARCOURT ETAL ,352,

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING CONTINUOUS FILM OF MATERIAL FROM THE SURFACE OF DRYING DRUMS Filed Sept. 20, 1941 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 June 1944. G. N. HARCOURT ET AL 2,352,195 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING CONTINUOUS FILM OF MATERIAL FROM THE SURFACE OF DRYING DRUMS Filed Sept. 20, 1941 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 7 A ToRwE s Patented June 27, 1944 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVIN G A CONTINUOUS FILM F MATERIAL FROM THE SURFACE OF DRYING DRUMS Guy N. Harcourt and Charles 0. Lavett, Buifalo. N. Y., assignors to Buflalo Foundry & Machine (10., Buflalo, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application Sentember 20, 1941, Serial No. 411,716

21 Claims.

This invention relates to the method and apparatus .for removing a continuous film of material dried onthe surface of a revolving drum and more particularly to such a'method and apparatus for materials which are heat sensitive and require rapid cooling or which remain soft or gummy on leaving the hot drying drum and require a substantial cooling period to place them in condition to be handled by the usual conveyer associated with the drum dryer.

Theinvention is particularly directed to the removal'of the continuous filmof material dried on the surface of a revolving heated drum of any type and the invention is-illustrated as used; in conjunction with a double drum atmospheric dryer, the parallel drums of which revolve downward at their point of closest approach and the drums being provided with the usual end boards to form a reservoir above and between the drums for holding the material to be dried. The thickness of the filmor coating on the drums in such a dryer is governed mainly by the adjustment of the space or'clearance between the drums, and the film adhering to each drum is carried under the drum and upwardly on its rising outer side to a stationary knife ordoctor blade which is the drumperiphery and well above the horizontal centerline of the drum. The film of material removed from each drum by the knife or doctor blade descends from the knife and hence moves in a direction opposite to the film carried on the adjacent drum surface, that is, theremoved film moves dovmward and the adjacent drying film on the drum surfacemoves upward.

In the use of this or any other type of drum dryer, various materials, such as tomato prodthe time it retains its heat. .As a'consequence such materials remain soft 'andare not cooled sufliciently to be brittle when reaching the usual conveyer under the knife. This condition preventsthe conveyer from breakingup the material into pieces which can be conveyed and instead the product is wrapped around the conveyerflights and is packed into the trough of the conveyer into a dense mass. The thickness of the filmis of minor importance on materials which cool quickly or set and become brittle at fairly high temperatures and which are not heat sensitive so as to be affected by prolonged heating. In such cases the only problem is that of keeping the gummy film moving as it leaves the knife and preventing the same from hanging up on guide shields paratus.

With materials which have to be brought close to atmospheric temperature in order to become sufilciently cool or brittle, materials which cool or other parts of the apslowly or which are sensitive to heat, or mategenerally located at the upper outer quarter of moval by theknives.

ucts, malted milk, soy bean waste,- distillery slop, etc. as removed from the hot drum by the knife,.'

are soft and gummy although upon suflicient cooling they become relatively hard and brittle and are easily broken down to any desired particle size flake or powder. Due to this soft and gummy nature of these materials when removed from the hot damn. surface, such hot productfilms removed by the knife from the drum surface have a tendency to adhere temporarily to the knife and thus wide or crimp until the pressure created. by the acclnnulation. before the knife forces the material away from the knife. This gathering of the material increases the thickness of-the film as it comes from the drum; reduces the rate or movement of the material to a mere fraction of the rate at which'the film is removed from the drum; and greatly increases rials, the color and quality of which are important factors, increased thickness and slow cooling of the film is a serious problem. The

drying rate of the dryer has to be reduced, the

drum speed lowered to a-point where the film will move at such a rate that it will cool sufficiently to break up and behandled by the conveying means which are usuallylocatedbelow and a short distance from the point of re- 'On' products, such as skim milk, where the drums revolve at comparatively high speed and the. dry product film is very light and quite tough while hot, the vapors from the drying film and air currents under the removed film are sufiicient to'float the removed film clear of the upward moving film adhering to the drum surface. However, on many other products, where the film is heavier, drum speeds lower, or where there is not sufiicient vapor or air under the removed film to support it, the downward moving film comes in contact with the partly dried film on the upward moving drum surface, causing rolling of the-film at the knife, overheating, caking, retarded'cocling and dlfllculty in handling .ofthe dried product.

To overcome these difficulties in some measure it has become customary to guide the film clear of the drums by means of aprons or shields, and

in some instances compressed air has been introduced under these shields in an .efiort to keep the film moving over the apron. Guiding the film in this manner hasproven unsatisfactory on many roducts for various reasons; the shield must necessarily be set at an angle to the horizontal to facilitate the movement of the film and passing over it. If compressed air is introduced under the shield, .it mixes with the hot vapors and therefore has very little cooling effect and where the material is of a hygroscopic nature there is a tendency toward reabsorption of mois-, ture from these vapors.

The distance from the point ofremoval to the conveyers in an atmospheric drum dryer is usual ly about 3 to 4 feet and with conventional dryers the material must cool sumciently while traversing this distance. With many materials the drum speed and capacity of the dryer has to be reduced in order to give the removed film sufficient time to cool. Increasing this distance, as by lowering the conveyers, will not, beyond certain limits, be practical as the soft film removed by the knife does not have sufficient strength at the knife to' support the weight of a film of any great length. The film therefore tears at the knife when a certain weightshas been reached and the whole sheet falls into the conveyer.

- In accordance with the present invention, on products removed in sheet form from a hot drying drum which, for various reasons, must be cooled quickly, we have found a very effective means for stretching the hot film gathered by the knife to reduce its thickness and thereby permit more effective and rapid cooling, and also lengthening its path or distance of travel between the knife and the conveyer, thus auto matically lengthening the time available for cooling and thereby cool the unbroken stretched film in such lengthened time to a point where it becomes sufilciently brittle. to break up for conveying ina conventional manner and for delivering to a flaker or grinder for the purpose ,of reducing the product to any desired particle size. a

It is therefore the principal object of the present invention to soy continuously remove a film of material dried on the surface of a revolving. heated drum, especially where the film on leaving the hot drum is heat sensitive, gummy or soft, that the film is aflorded opportunity to cool and harden while in continuous sheet form. Another object is to effect such removal through a circuitous .path in such manner as to provide adequate time and exposure to secure such cooling an d hardening- Another purpose is to effect such removal past cooling means which accelerate the cooling and hardening of the removed strip or sheet of material.

1 Another aim is to so continuously remove a film of material dried on the surface of a heated revolving drum as to avoid contact with the film being removed and that portion of the film adhering to the drum surface.

Another purpose is to so continuously remove a film of dried material from the surface of a revolving heated drum as to avoid reheating and moistening of the removed film by the vapors generated and rising from the film' being dried on the drum surface.

Another object is to stretch the film after it is removed from the drying drum to decrease crimping by the, knife, so as to insure removal from the knife in the form of an attenuated film which hardens and cools more rapidly.

Another purpose is to provide cooling means immediately adjacent the knife or doctor blade so that the film is immediately placed in cona film .of material in such manner as top'rovide a product of uniform quality and of lighter color.

Another aim is to provide a'mechanism for so continuously removing a film of material dried on the surface ofa revolving heated drum which does 'notjinterferewith the ready access to the knives or doctor blades of the drum.

Another object is to provide such a mechanism for continuously removing a film of material dried on thesurface of a revolving drum which can be readily regulated to provide the degree and rate of cooling, the degree of stretching and the speed of travel of the removed film in accordance with the particular material being handled, its heat retaining qualities, the room temperatures, the degree of cooling required by the material, its hygroscopic qualities, the temperature and speed of drying on the drying drums, etc.

Another purpose is to provide such a. mechanism which is driven in synchronism with the dryer so as to insure uniformity in operation.

Other objects are to provide such a mechanism for continuously removing a film of material dried on the surface 'of a revolving drum which is comparatively simple and inexpensive in construction, which requires little attention in operation' and which will stand up under conditions of severe and constant use without getting out of order or requiring repairs.

Further features of this invention appear in the following description and drawings of apparatus embodying and suitable for the practice thereof, in which drawings:

Fig. 1 is an end view of a double drum dryer equipped with a mechanism for continuously removing the films of material dried on the sur-. face of the revolving drums and embodying and adapted to carry out the, present invention.

Fig. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary side elevation thereof.

Fig. 3 is a fragmentary, vertical, transverse section taken generally on line 3-4, Fig. 2.

Fig. 4 is an enlarged horizontal section taken on line 4-4, Fig. 3.

Fig. 5 is an enlarged, fragmentary, horizontal section taken on line 5-5, Fig. 3.

Fig. 6 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, transverse section taken on line 15-45, Fig. 2.

Fig.7 is a further enlarged, fragmentary, ver- I tical section, taken on line 1--'I, Fig. 6.

Figs. 8 and 9 are fragmentary, vertical, transverse-sectiona'through the reel shown in Figs. 6 and 7. v

Fig. 10 is a view similar to Fig. 3 and showing a modified form of the invention.

Fig. 11 is a side elevation, similar to Fig. 2, and showin the modified form 'of the invention illustrated in Fig. 10.

Fig. 12 is a fragmentary, vertical, section taken on line |2-l2, Fig. 11.

Fig. 13 is an enlarged, fragmentary, longitudinal section taken on line I3I 3, Fig. 12.

Figs. 14, 15 and 16 are diagrammatic views similar to Fig. 6 and showing difierent methods for effecting the cooling of the film removed from the surface of the revolving drying drum.

The-invention is shown in conjunction with a transverse double drum atmospheric dryer, although it will be understood that the invention is applicable to any type of revolving drum dryer. The double drum dryer is generally. illustrated as comprising two cylindrical drums 20, 20 which have their axes arranged horizontal and parallel and their opposing cylindrical surfaces close together so as to form adownwardly converging space or reservoir therebetween. The main frame of the dryer includes upright end standards 2|, 22 at the opposite endsof the drums 20, these drums being provided with horizontal trunnions 23 at each of their ends which are journaled in suitable bearings mounted on the standards 2|, 22 of the main frame.

The material to be dried is fed into the reservoir or space between the two drums 2|! by any suitable means and is confined in this space or reservoir by the usual end boards 24 which are supported'by the end standards 2| and 22 and are held'against the opposite end faces of the pair of d'rums 2i! so as to confine the materlaltobe dried in the reservoir or space between the two drums. Th drums 20 are rotated in any uitable manner so as to move downwardly at their point of closest approach and thereby carry a film or layer 30 of the material to be dried. to the underside of each of the drums, the thickness of these layers 3% being mainly determined by the spacing of the drums 20 from each other, this spacing being preferably rendered adjustable by any suitable means well known in the art. The drums are heated internally and the layers 38 adhering to the drums on passing the point of closest approach of the drums are carried circumferentially around the drums a sufiicient distance to dry this material following which the layers 30 are removed from the drums in accordance with the present invention.

The film or coating 30 on each of these drums is shown as removed by the usual knife or doctor blade 3| which is shown as arranged at the upper outer quarter of the corresponding drum and with its downwardly directed edge in engagement with the periphery of the drum for substantially its entire length so as to continuously'remove the film from the upwardly rotating adjacent peripheral surface of the drum. Theknife or doctor blade 3i is carried by the usual knife holder, the ends of which are shown as supported by eccentrics 32 in the end heads 2!, 22, so that the position of each knife or doctor blade 3! can be adjusted by moving the eccentrics 32 to different set positions. The material removed from each of the drums 2G is deposited in a trough 35 arranged alongside each of the drums 2E and having a screw conveyer 38 which conducts the dried material to one end of the dryer from which the material can be conveyed to the usual grinder or fiaker (not shown). Each of the troughs 35 is shown as being of generally semicircular form in cross section and as having an outer upwardly extending shield or panel 3i and an inner upwardly extending shield or panel 38, this inner shield being shown as curved at its upper end to generally conform to th curvature of the adjacent drum 20 and as having a laterally bentupper edge which is arranged immediately adjacent and parallel to the line of contact between the corresponding knife or doctor blade 3! and the drum 20. The opposite ends of the trough are enclosed, except for the necessary material discharge opening, by end plates 35.

The present invention is particularly applicable to products removed from each drum 29 in. the

form of the sheet 30 and which, for various reasons, must be cooled quickly, andinvolves stretching the hot soft film to reduce its thickness as gathered by the knife and thereby condition it for more effective and rapid cooling; lengthening the path or distance of travel of the removed film from the knife or doctor blade 3! to the conveyer screw-1'8 and thereby lengthen the time available for cooling; and cooling the unbroken stretched filmin such availabl time to a point where it becomes sufllciently brittle to be broken up by the conveyer screw 35 for delivery to afiaker or grinder for the purpose of reducing the product to any desired particle size. To accomplish this, in accordance with the present invention, the film 30 removed by the knife or doctor blade M is passed over one or more cooling cylinders-revolving on axes parallel to that of the drum. The cylindrical surface of the cooling cylinder may be solid, perforated or preferably in the form of a coarse mesh wire screen. The cooling of the film passing over this cylinder may be accelerated by various means, preferably by dry, cool air or other gases introduced in such manner as to act directly on the removed film or coating 36.

In the form of the invention shown in Figs. 1-9, each of the cooling cylinders, indicated generally at til, is shown as composed of a piece of coarse mesh woven wire screen ill which-is wrapped around the rims Q2 of a plurality of identical internal supporting wheels or spiders indicated generally at 43, the opposite longitudinal edges of the piece of coarse mesh woven wire screen M being overlapped as indicated at it. These internal supporting wheels or spiders are arranged fiange 49 of an angle bar 50, the other flange 5| of which extends the full length of the cooling cylinder and engages the inner side of the rim 42 of each of the supporting wheels or spiders. The inwardly extending flanges 4d of these angle bars 5b are not, however, continuous but are cutaway, as indicated at 52, to provide for the circulation of cooling air as hereinafter described. The cut-away portions of-the'flanges 39' extend between the spokes 46 of the several internal supporting wheels or spiders t3 and'hence theangle bars Efi'can be regarded as stripsor bars.

engaging the inner faces of the rims 42 of the several internal supporting wheels or spiders and provided at spaced intervals with radially inwardly projecting flanges -49, each of which is secured by the bolts 18 to the adjacent spoke it of the corresponding internal supporting wheel or spider of the cylinder.

The outer flange 59 of each of the longitudinal angle bars 50 is provided at intervals with holes 2 I vertical slot 14.

ternal wheels or spiders 49 circular pieces of wire 91 can be interposed between the angle bars 50' p and. the woven wire screen 4| soas to prevent the woven wire screen 41 from sagging between the rims of the internal supporting wheels or spiders 49 and maintain the screen in true cylindrical form throughout its length. Each .end of the cylindrical woven wire screen 4| can be bent around-the rim of the corresponding end supporting wheel or spider 43, as indicated at 58 in Fig. '7, and these inturned ends 59 can be held against the internal face of the corresponding .rim 4! by metal strips II, as best shown in Figs. 6

and '7 and which can be secured in any suitable manner.

For the purpose of obtaining the desired circulation of cooling air, ashereinafter described, the spokes 49 of the several internal supporting wheels or spiders 43 for the cooling cylinder also support an internal imperforate sheet metal cylinder 90 which can be made of sectional form in 1 dinal angle bars II in a manner hereinafter described.

In order to rotatably' support the cooling cylinders 49 a tube 95 is inserted into the hub 45 of the endmost internal supporting wheels or spiders -49 of each cooling cylinder and is secured in'this hub in any suitable manner as by the welds 99 shown in Fig. 7. Eachof the tubes 99 is shown as journaled in a bearing block Ill, each of these bearing blocks being provided with upper and lower flanges II, II which are adapted to ride along the outer face of a post 13 provided at each corner 01' the dryer. The purpose of, this mounting for the four bearing blocks is to permit the entire cooling cylinder 40 at each side of the double drum dryer to be lifted out Of the way and provide ready access to the-knives or doctor blades 9| for the'purpose of adjusting the same. I

To this end each of the posts I9 is shown as made in the form of a tube which is rectangular in'cross section and provided in that side which guides the adjacent bearing block 10 with a The lower end of each of the posts 13 is rigi y, secured to the adjacent part of one oLthe upright'standards 2|, 2! in which The sheet cilitate the return of the cooling cylinders 40 to the desired level and to exac parallelism with the drying drums 20, a series \of graduations 94 are preferably provided in the outer face of each of the posts 13 which is traversed by the,cor-.

responding bearing block it and it will therefore be seen that the operator can, by checking these graduations, readily return each drying cylinder 40 into parallel relation to the drying drums 20. Afterthe drying drums have been so properly positioned at the desired elevation, the

operator can readily lock each of the bearing blocks "Hi to the corresponding post 13 so as to hold these bearing blocks in fixed relation to the drying drums 29. For this purpose the upper and lower flanges II, 12 of each bearing block 10 are provided with holes which receive threaded studs 95, as best shown in Fig. 5, the inner end of each of these studs being welded to a U-shaped clamp 96 arranged inside of the post 13 and having its legs adapted to engage the inside of that wall of the post 13 which forms the slot 14. The outer threaded end of each of the studs 95 carries a hand wheel 91 which, upon being loosened, releases the clamp 86 from engagement with the post 19 so as to permit the bearing block to slide vertically along the slot 14. It will be seen that the two studs 85 in ach slot 14 prothe drying drums II are joumaled and the posts at each. end of the dryer are preferably cross braced at their upperends by a connecting bar II. A vertically movable counterweight 99 is arranged within each oi' the posts 13 and is suspended from one end of a cable ll, this cable passing over a pulley 82 mounted on the upper end of the post and the other end of the cable ll, connecting with an eye 99 on the upper side tially balance'each other and it will therefore be seen that the operator can readily lift the coolvides a vertical guide for the'corresponding bearing block HI.

Each of the cooling drums 40 is rotated in synchronism with the corresponding drum 20 but at a suitable peripheral speed so as to eifect a stretching of the film as hereinafter described. For this purpose, as best shown in Fig. 3, one of the tubular extensions or journals 65 of each of the cooling drums 40 is provided with a sprocket 99 which is connected by a drive chain 9| with a sprocket 92 'rotatably mounted onthe corresponding upright standard 22 of the dryer in any suitable manner. This sprocket 92 is connected by a gear 93 which meshes with a gear 94 fast to .the adjacent journal 23 of the correspondingdrum 29. This drive is such that the' cooling drums 40 are rotated in the opposite direction as the adjacent drying drums 20.

The continuous film or sheet of material 30 removed from each of the drying drums 20 is placed on the adjacent cooling drum 40 and the continuous film or strip 30 of material is passed inside the shield 31 of the conveyer trough 35 and into this trough by a series of rods 95 which are secured to a tube or pipe 96 which'extends parallel with the axes of the cooling and drying drums and is arranged adjacent the downwardly moving side of each cooling drum. The rods 95 are preferably set at an angle, as shown in Fig. 6, so as to guide. the continuous film or sheet of material 30 into the conveyer trough. The ends of each of the supporting tubes or pipes 96 for these rods are shown as set in a socket 91 provided in the upper side of an arm 98 which ising cylinder 49 at either side of the dryer to the top c! the posts I; and thereby obtain ready access to the knives or doctor blade 9| forvthe purpose of adjusting the same. In order to fa- A feature of the invention is the partial cooling of the film or sheet of material being dried at the line of removal of this film or strip from each drying drum 2!] so that the film or sheet is immediately placed in condition for stretching'without danger of tearing.

For this purpose a pipe MB is shown as arranged above the shield 38 and immediately adjacent each doctor blade 3| and parallel with the axis of the adjacent drying drum 2D. This pipe is shown as supported in sockets at the upper end of brackets Nil which brackets are suitably secured to the shields 38 of the corresponding conveyer trough 35 and, as best shown in Fig. 6, the pipe Hill is held in the sockets of the brackets lit! by set screws Hi2. Each of the pipes lid is capped at one end and at its opposite end is connected to an air pressure supply pipe 553 as shown in Fig. 2. The pipe ltd is provided at spaced intervals along its length with holes or perforations too which discharge jets of air against the film or layer so at its point of removal from the corresponding drum 2i! by the doctor blade 3!, as best shown in Fig. 6.

A similar pipe N35 is mounted under the upper end of each shield is and is supported by clips 586 from the shield 38 and is supplied with air under pressure from a line iii? and has a series of perforations ills which discharge toward the edge of the adjacent knife or doctor blade 35 and against the side of the film so as it is being removed from the adjacent drying drum 2@. Air is blown through the pipe tilt at the start of the drying operation only if necessary to -raise the film over the edge of the shield 38 whereupon it can be guided over the reel to.

To further cool each of the removed films or coatings 3!! in its path of travel over the cooling drums to, a pipe H is arranged under each of the cooling drums to parallel with its axis and is supported at its opposite ends in arms 5 l i which depend from the arms 98 fixed to the bearing blocks ill for the cooling drums, as best shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The arms iii are preferably adjustable along slots H2 in the arms so by means of wing nuts M3 and each pipe Hi3 is preferably rotatably mounted in its arms iii and held in position bymeans of set screws Hi, this mounting for the pipes lid permitting of any desired adjustment of the pipes with reference to the cooling drums iii. Each of the pipes Ho is capped at one end and is supplied with air under pressure through a flexible hose i it at its opposite end. Each of these pipes is provided along one side with a series of perforations H5 which discharge jets of air against the inner side of the film or sheet of material so leaving the cooling cylinder 49. Since the surface of the cooling cylinder 40 is composed of the coarse mesh screen til, it will be seen that the air discharged from each of the pipes iii? is caused to enter the adjacent cooling cylinder 40 and traverse the space 5! between the cylindrical screen ii and the inner drum $0, the air stream being confined in this space Si by the sheet or film 30 passing over the drum. A-baifle plate It! can also be placed below the pipe Ht, as in dicated in Fig. 6 to insure all of the air issuing from the jets H6 being directed against the film 30 and circular bafile plates H8 can be placed at the opposite ends of the circular space or passage oi, as shown in Fig. 7 to prevent the escape of cooling air from the opposite ends of thi space. A stream of cooling air is therefore constrained to move through the passage 6! in counterflow relation to the sheet or film 38 of the material bein handled and in direct contact with the inner side of this film.

In the operation of the form of the invention be of a composition which, for one of the various reasons previously discussed, must be cooled quickly so as to become brittle when it reaches the conveyer 35. To facilitate this cooling,'each film or sheet of material is passed over the top or the adjacent cooling cylinder m which is 10- cated at a suficient elevation that the dry product film is lifted to a higher level than that at which it is removed from the surface of the drum to by the doctor blade si, this cooling cylinder being revolved and the sheet 39 falling from the cooling cylinder til being guided into the conveyer trough by the guide rods 95. The location of the cooling cylinder dd at a distance from the drying drum increases the length of "the path of the removed continuous sheet or film of mate rial from its line of removal from the drying drum it to the conveyer- 35 andhence provides a correspondingly increased length of time for this film to cool. Th relatively high elevation of eachcooling cylinder (iii further provides a greater area of contact between the removed hot product film and the cooling cylinder to. Because of this greater area of contact and the fact that the surface of the cooling cylinder to is made of a coarse mesh woven wire screen, sufiicient traction is obtained between this film and the cooling cylinder to permit the film to be stretched as it leaves the drying drum. With some materials which become brittle rapidly and break quickly it-may be desirable, however, to place the cooling cylinder to with its top level with the knife ti and to substitute a softer surface, such as rubber, on the cooling cylinder, this being preferably corrugated to secure the neces=- sary traction. For such use, the cooling pipe its is eliminated. Each of the cooling drums dd is driven at a suitable speed compared to that or the corresponding drying drum'2d so that the film Sid-on leaving each drying drum to at the edge of its knife or doctor blade at is stretched and thereby rendered thinner and capable of being cooled more rapidly.

The guide rods as for this stretch of the film to serve to in part support the weight of the stretch of film hanging from the cooling cylin-.

depth and prevent the weight of the film from tearing the iilm as it leaves the cooling drum to. Similarly, the film in leaving each drying drum it is hot and at this temperature is liable to be torn by the pull of the cooling cylinder ill in stretching it .into an attenuated form at this point. To avoid such tearing the air pipe we is provided which directs jets of cooling air against the film at at the line of its removal from the corresponding drum to from above the shield 38, which shield is provided for the purpose of preventing the hot vapors from rising andreheating the film after being withdrawn from its drying drum. The jets of cool air from the pipe HM serves to cool the film 30 as a, part of its removal from the drying drum 20 and thereby immediately place thefilm in condition to be stretched slightly by the more rapidly rotating cooling drum 4!! without danger of tearing this film drum and, by the provision of the inner imperforate cylinder 60 of the cooling drum 40, is

caused to flow through the passage 6i in direct contact with and in counterflow relation to the film or sheet of material passing over the cooling drum 40. It will therefore be seen that a very substantially increased cooling effect is provided by the jets of air issuing from the pipe H in into the trough I26 of a screw conveyer I21 into which the film or sheet of material 30 is guided by a side shield I26.

coarse mesh woven wire screen I30, one end of this cylindrical screen I30 being shown as supported in an end groove -I3I of a circular end head I32 which is provided with an axial opening I33 and an annular peripheral rail ortrack I34. The opposite end of the'coarse mesh wire screen I30 is similarly secured to a circular end head I35 having an axial opening and also having a peripheral rail or track I36. The rail or track I34 or the end head I32 is supported by a pair or grooved rollers I40 which are suitably The cooling cylinder I25 shown in Figs. -13 comprises a cylindrical of material passing over the 'coolingcylinderifl through a plurality of openings I60 provided in the upper half only of the sheet metal tubular portion I5I ofthis sheetmetal pipe I50. The material from these openings is shown as struck upwardly to provide bames I" which extend in a generally axial direction along the sheet metal pipe I50 and hence tend to deflect the air issuing from the openings|60 lengthwiseof the cooling cylinder. Preferably the baflies or deflectors I60 at one side of the sheet metal pipe I50 project toward the corresponding end of the cooling cylinder and the baifles in the opposite half of the sheet metal pipe I50 project in the opposite direction.

To secure the proper movement of the cooling air so discharged into the upper half of the cooling drum .and to avoid theineflectual escape of such cooling air, bafiie plates are provided which are preferably arranged as follows:

At each end of the tubular body I5I sheet metal air distributing pipe I50 a circular disk I65 is suitably secured to the exterior of the sheet metal body IN by brackets I66. These disks are slightly smaller than the interior diameter of the cylindrical screen I and thereby mounted on a bracket I4I secured to the end standard I2I of the dryer. Similarly, the track or rail I36 of the end head I is shown as supported upon a pair of groovedrollers I42 suitably mounted on a bracket I43 projecting outwardly from the end standard I22 of the dryer. This roller mounting for the two end heads I32 and I35 of eachcooling cylinder permits the cooling cylinder to be freely rotated and the cooling cylinder is shown as beingrotated in the direction of the arrow shown in Fig. 10 by an electric motor I45 mounted on the bracket I and having a reducing gearing including a sprocket I46 driving a chain I41 which passes around a sprocket ring I46 secured to the .cir

" cular end head I32 of the corresponding cooling cylinder I25.

Air for cooling the stretch of the continuous film of dried material traversing the cooling cylinder'25 is supplied from a stationary pipe within the coolin cylinder, as indicated generally at" I50, This pipe I50 is shown as made of a tube of sheet metal I5I which is closed at one end by a circular end plate I52 and is-formedat its opposite end to provide a tapering portion I53 leading to a reduced end I54, through which reduced end I54 air is introduced into the pipe. The sheetmetal pipe I50 is supported at one end on a standard I55 rising from the supporting bracket I43 and held in position thereon by a clamp I56. At its opposite end the sheet metal pipe I50 is supported by acoaxial pipe I51 which is screwed into a boss I56 secured to the circular end plate I52 of the sheet metal pipe, as best shown in Fig. 13. The tree end of the supporting.

serve to enclose a cylindrical chamber I61 between the air supply pipe I50 and the cooling cylinder and prevent the direct escape of air from the ends of this chamber. Similarly, to prevent the direct escape of air from the upper half of this chamber into which the air is discharged from the openings I66, horizontal baiiie plates I66 are secured to the exterior of the sheet metal tube I5I by flanges I66 and are also secured to-the circular end plates I65 by end pipe [52 is supported in a socket provided at the upper end of a supporting standard I59. which is suitably secured to the main supporting bracket The cooling air introduced into the reduced end I54 of the sheet metal pipe I50 is distrib- Itwill beseen that with'the form of theinvention shown in Figs. 10-13 that the air introduced at low pressure through the reduced end I54 oi the stationary sheet metal distributing or supply tube I50 is discharged through the openings I66 in the upper half of this tube into the upper half oi! the space or chamber I61 formed between this sheet metal tube and the cylindrical screen I36.

This air is deflected toward opposite ends'oi' the cooling cylinder by the baifles or deflectors "I which are formed in providingtheholes I60 01' the sheet metal tube. This air is in part confined by the annular end plates I65 and the horizontal baflies or partitions I66 so that the air so discharged into the upper half of the chamber I61 is forced into direct contact with the sheet or film 30 or material which is drawn over the cooling cylinder I25 in the form of the invention shown in Figs. 1-9. This air is finally discharged through the perforations of the screen I36 at the upper left hand side as viewed in Fig. 12 and thereby discharged under the stretch of the film or sheet 0! material being dried as it is drawn from the drying drum I26.' In other respects the form of the invention operates in the same manner as the form of the invention shown in Figs. 1-9, operating to stretch the film or sheet of material 30 drawn from the drying drums and the air provided through the stationary internal sheet 'metal pipe I50 in the cooling drum operating to cool this film with the necessary rapidity to insure its being brittle upon reaching the screw conveyer I21.

In Figs. 14-16 is illustrated, iii-diagrammatic in the same manner as with the forms ofthe of the invention shown in Figs. 1-13. In these figures the heated rotary drying drum is indicated at I80, the continuous film or sheet of material 30 being removed therefrom by a knife or doctor blade 3! in the same manner as in the forms of the invention shown in Figs. 1-13 and this continuous film or sheet of material being passed over the cooling drum, which is indicated at iii, to be deposited in the usual screw conveyer as with the other forms of the invention. The cooling drum is shown as comprising a cylinder i822 of coarse mesh woven wire screen which is supported in cylindrical form at suitable intervals by the rims N33 of internal supporting wheels or spiders ltd each of which also has a plurality of spokes t85 leadingtoahub ltt.

In the form of the invention shown in Fig. 14, the hubs lot of these internal supporting wheels or spiders of the cooling cylinder llil are supported on a rotating shaft to? which is rotated at'a relatively high rate of speed in the direction of the arrow associated therewith, and the cooling cylinder 38!! is rotated at a slightly higher peripheral speed than the drying drum ltd in the opposite direction, as indicated by the arrow. To the rotating shaft ld'l are secured a plurality of radially extending arms i823 which support a pair of radially extending 'fanblades ltd, which fan blades extend lengthwise of the cooling cylinder in the spaces determined by the spacing of the internal supporting wheels or spiders lot. It will therefore be seen that these fan blades m2, rotating at a relatively high speed in the opposite direction from'the cooling cylinder ltl, serve to blow cooling air against the inner side of the film or sheet of material 30 which is being drawn over the cooling drum I188 thereby toac- 'celerate the cooling of this film and condition it for breaking up in the usual screw conveyor. In order to prevent short circuiting of th air so .pumped by the fan blades I82, a vertical stationary partition E90 is preferably arranged immediately under the cooling cylinder it! in axial alignment therewith.

In the form of the invention shown in Fig. 15, the hubs 586 of the internal supporting wheels or spiders lot of the cooling drum 625 are mounted on a shaft W5 which can be either stationary was to form a bearing for the hubs are or fast to these hubs so as to form a drive shaft for the cooling cylinder, the cylinder being rotated in the direction of the arrow shown at a suitable speed in relation to the drying drum ltd. In order to prevent the soft hot film from tearing at the doctor blade 31!, a pipe tilt is shown as arranged generally in the same position as the pipe ltll in the form of the invention shown in Figs. 1-9 and having holes or orifices till which direct jets of air against the mm W of dried material along its line of cleavage from the drying drum I80.

In the form of the invention shown in Fig. 15,

I the cooling or the'film 30, whil spassing over the ,foraminous cooling cylinder EM, is accelerated by the upwardly directed jets of cooling air issuing from the orifices E38 of a horizontal pipe I99 shown as arranged directly under the axis of rotation of the cooling cylinder lot, although it will be understood that the position of this pipe could be varied as might be desired. It will be seen that the cooling air discharged from this pipe I99 passes through the lower part of the foraminous cooling cylinder and discharges against the filmflo of material in contact with this cylinder so as to accelerate its cooling and faces of said film and friction adjustable supporting means.

2. Apparatus for removing and cooling aconing wheels or spiders ltd are rotatably mounted on a horizontal stationary tube are, the cooling cylinder ldl being rotated in the direction of the arrow associated therewith and at a suitable speed in relation to the drying drum its in the same manner as with the other forms of the invention. In the form of the invention shown in Fig. 16 air under pressure is supplied to the stationary tube 2th andis discharged through a, plurality of openings Ztl provided in its upmr side. The jets of air discharging from these openings 2M impinge against the underside of thenlm as passing over the screen of the foraminous cooling cylinder tilt in the some manner as in the form of the invention shown in Fig. 15 and for the same purpose of accelerating the cooling of this film to insure its beingsciently brittle to breais up in tin screw conveyor.

From the foregoing it will be seen that the present invention provides a method and several forms of apparatus for carrying out the method of cooling products removed in continuous sheet form from a hot drying drum which for various reasons must b cooled quickly, the film being conveyed in such manneras to lengthen its path or distance of travel between the line of removal from the hot drying drumand the conveying means for removing the dried material so as to lengthen thetimeavailable for cooling and permit the product to attain sumcient brittleness for breaking up in the conveying means. It will further be seen that in the present invention the cooling of this removed film or sheet of dried material is'accelerated by the stretching of th film both before and after it contacts with the foraminous cooling cylinder. The present invention also provides several method of applying a cooling medium, such as cool air, to the film while being conveyed through such lengthened path of travel so as to further accelerate this cooling and obtaining the proper state of brittleness.

We claim as our invention:

1. Apparatus for removing and cooling a continuous film of material of the character described from the surface of a revolving drying drum, comprising a friction cylinder mounted adjacent to and parallel with said drying drum and having its periphery formed to provide a friction face adapted to engage frictionally the film loosely hung upon and engaging an extensive portion of the periphery of the friction cylinder to provide-tension in the stretch of said film between said drying drum and friction cylinder, means for driving said frlctionficylinder at a suitable speed in relation to said drying drum to effect said tension in said stretch of iilm between said drying drum and friction cylinder through the friction provided between the' eng'aging surcyllnder, the stretch of saidiilm leaving said friction cylinder hanging vertically by gravity able means for supporting any desired part of the weight of said leaving stretch of film and over which the film moves by gravity, and a receptacle arranged directly under the lower part of said leaving stretch of film and into which said leavtraversing said ing stretch falls by gravity after therefrom, adjustface adapted to engage frictionally the film.

loosely hung upon and engaging an extensive portion of the periphery of the friction cylinder to provide tension in the stretch of said film between said drying drum and friction cylinder, means fordriving said friction cylinder at a suitable speed in relation to said drying drum to effect said tensionin said stretch of film between said drying drum and friction cylinder through the friction provided between the engaging surfaces of said film and friction cylinder, the stretch of said film leaving said frictloncylinderhanging vertically 'by gravity therefrom, a generally vertical guide member supported at its upper end adjacent one side of said leaving stretch of film and having its lower part adapted to be moved into the path of said leaving stretchof film, means for securing said guide member at any desired angle to the vertical thereby to adjustably support any desired part of the weight of said leaving stretch of film, and a receptacle arranged directly under the lower part of said leaving stretch and into which said leaving stretch falls by gravity after traversing said adjustable guide member.

3. Apparatus for removing and cooling acontinuous film of material of the character described from the surface of a revolving drying drum, comprising a friction cylinder mounted adjacent to and parallel with said drying drum and having its periphery formed -to provide a friction face adapted to engage frictionally the film loosely hung upon the friction cylinder to provide tension in the stretch of said film between said drying drum. and friction cylinder, means for driving said friction cylinder at a suitable speed in relation to said drying drum to effect said tension in said stretch of film between said drying drum and friction cylinder, the stretch of said film leaving said friction cylinder hanging by gravity therefrom, a supporting rod arranged generally parallel with said drying drum and friction cylinder and supported adjacent one side of said leaving stretch of film, a plurality of guide rods depending from said supporting rod and adapted to be arranged in the path of said material of the character described after severance from the surface of a revolving drying drum by a knife, comprising a friction cylinder mounted adjacent to and parallel with said drying drum and at an elevation in which the upper part of said friction cylinder is arranged a sub-.

stantial distance above said knife to provide an upwardly moving stretch in the film between said knife and friction cylinder in the length offilm loosely hung upon the greater part of the surface of said friction cylinder above its axis, means for driving said friction cylinder at a suitable speed in relation to said drying drum to provide tension in said upwardly moving stretch of film, the stretch of said film leaving said friction cylinder hanging vertically by gravity therefrom, and a receptacle arranged directly under said leaving stretch and friction cylinder and into which said leaving stretch falls by gravity.

6. Apparatus for removing a continuous film of material of the character described after severance from the surface of a revolving drying knife and friction cylinder in the length of film loosely hung .upon the greater part of the surface of said friction cylinder above its axis, means for driving said friction cyllnder'at a sultable speed in relation to saiddrying drum to provide tension in said upwardly moving stretch of leaving, stretch of film, means for holding said supporting rod in any desired position of rotation to permit said guide rods to be held in an angular position supporting any desired part of the weight, of said leaving stretch-of film, and a receptacle arrangedbelow said leaving-stretch and film, the stretch of said film leaving said friction cylinder hanging vertically by gravity therefrom, adjustable means for supporting any desired part of the weight of said leaving stretch of film and over which thefilm moves by gravity, and a receptacle arranged directly under the lower part of said leaving stretch of film and into which said leaving stretch of film falls bygravity after traversing said adjustable supporting means.

'7. Apparatus for removing a continuous film of material of the character described from the surface of a revolving heated drying drum, comprising .a hollow foramlnous cooling cylinder rotatably mounted adjacent to and parallel with" said drying drum and on which the film leaving said drying drum is adapted to be loosely hung, means for rotating said foraminous cooling cylinder to convey said leaving stretch of film away from said into which said leaving stretch falls after traversing said guide rods.

4. Apparatus for removing a continuous film of material of the character described after sev"- erance from the surface of a revolving drying,

drum by a knife, comprising a friction cylinder mounted adjacent to and parallel with said dry-- ing drum and at an elevation in which the upper part of said friction cylinder is arranged'a substantial distance above said knife to provide an upwardly moving stretch in, the film between said v knife and friction cylinder in the length of film loosely hung upon the greater part of the surprovide tension in said upwardly moving stretch drying drum, and means for circulating a stream of cooling gas through said foraminous cooling cylinder and in direct contact, through the openings of said foraminous cooling cylinder, with the film of material passing thereover.

8. Apparatus for removing a continuous film of material of the character descrlbedfrom the surface of a revolving'heated drying drum, comprising a hollow foraminous cooling cylinder rowith the film of material passing thereover, com- 5. Apparatus for removing a continuous film of 7s prisinga pipe arranged adjacent to and parallel with said foraminous cooling cylinder and having face of a revolving heated drying drum, comprising a hollow foraminous cooling cylinder rotatably mounted adjacent to and parallel with said drying drum and on whichthe film leaving said drying drum is adapted to be loosely hung, means for rotating said foraminous cooling cylinder to convey said leaving stretch of film away from said drying drum, means for circulating astream of cooling gas through said foraminous cooling cylinder and in direct contact, through the openings of said foraminous cooling cylinder, with the film of material passing thereover, and means for guiding said stream of cooling gas to travel in a circumferential path through said cooling cylinder and countercurrent to the movement of the film thereover.

10. Apparatus for removing a continuous film of material of the character described from the surface of a revolving heated drying drum, comprising a hollow foraminous cooling cylinder rotatably mounted adjacent to and parallel with said drying drum and on which the film leaving said drying drum is adapted to be loosely hung, means for rotating said foraminous cooling cylinder to convey said leaving stretch of film away from said drying drum, and means for circulating a stream of cooling gas through said foraminous cooling cylinder and in direct contact, through the openings of said foraminous cooling cylinder, with the film of material passing thereover, comprising a pipe arranged under and parallel with said foraminous cooling cylinder and having a plurality of openings in its upper part and arranged in a series extending substantially the full length of said foraminous cooling cylinder, and means for supplying gas under pressure to said pipe to be discharged through said openings against said foraminous cooling cylinder and thence through the openings in said foraminous cooling cylinder to the interior thereof to cool the fihn passing thereover. A

11. Apparatus for removing a continuous film of material of the character described from the surface of a revolving heated drying cylinder, comprising a hollow foraminous cooling cylinder rotatably mounted adjacent to and parallel with said drying drum and on which the film leaving said drying drum is adapted to be loosely hung with the stretch of film on the opposite side of thence through the openings'in said foraminous cooling cylinder into said circumferential space provided by said internal imperforate cylinder.

12. Apparatus for removing a continuous film of material of the character described from the surface of a revolving heated drying drum, com-- prising a hollow foraminous cooling cylinder rotatably mounted adjacent to and parallel with said drying drum and on which the'film leaving. said drying drum is adapted to be loosely hung, means for rotating said foraminous cooling cylinder to convey said leaving stretch of film away from said drying drum, and means for circulating a stream of cooling gas through said foraminous cooling cylinder and in direct contact, through the openings of said foraminous cooling cylinder, with the film of material passing thereover, comprising a stationary pipe arranged within and parallel with said foraminous cooling cylinder and having a plurality of openings in its upper part, and means for supplying gas under pressure to said pipe to be discharged through said openings upwardly into direct contact with the film passing over said foraminous cooling cylinder.

13. Apparatus for removing a continuous film of material of the character described from the 7 surface of a revolving heated drying drum, comsaid foraminous cooling cylinder hanging by gravity, means for rotating said foraminous cooling cylinder to convey said film away from said drying drum, and means for circulating a stream of cooling as through said foraminous coolin cylinder and in direct contact, through the openings or said foraminous cooling cylinder, with the film of material passing thereover, comprising a. sub- I stantially imperforate cylinder arranged in said foraminous cooling cylinder and forming a circumferential passage between it and said foraminous cooling cylinder, a pipe arranged under and parallel with said foraminous cooling cylinder and adjacent said stretch of film leaving said foraminous cooling cylinder and provided in its upper side with a plurality of openings directed upwardly and toward the line of separation between said foraminous cooling cylinder and said stretch of film leaving-said foraminous cooling cylinder and means for supplying gas under pressure to said plpe'to be discharged throughsaid prising a hollow foraminous cooling cylinder rotatably mounted adjacent to and parallel with said drying drum'a'nd on which the film leaving said drying drum is adapted to be loosely hung,

means for rotating said foraminous cooling cylinder to convey said leaving stretch of film away from said drying drum,'and'means for circulating a stream of cooling gas through said foraminous cooling cylinder and in direct contact, through the openings of said foraminous cooling cylinder, with the film of material passing thereover, comprisinga stationary pipe arranged within and parallel with said foraminous cooling cylinder and having a plurality of openings in its upper part, means for supplying gas under pressure to said pipe to be discharged through said openings upwardly into direct contact with the; film passing over said foraminous cooling cylinder, and baiile means carried by said pipe and extending into the space between said pipe and said foraminous cooling cylinder and confining said discharged gas to traversea predetermined path before escaping from said foraminous cooling cylinder.

14. Apparatus for removing a continuous film of material of the character described from the surface of a revolvinghheated drying drum, comprising a hollow foraminous cooling cylinder rotatably mounted adjacent to and parallelwith said drying drum and on which the film leaving said drying drum is adapted to be loosely hung,

means for rotating said foraminous cooling cylinder to convey said leaving stretch of 'film away from said drying drum, and means for circulating a stream of cooling gas through said foraminous cooling cylinder and in direct contact, through the openings of said foraminous cooling cylinder, with the film of material passing thereover, comprising a sheet metal stationary pipe arranged within and parallel with said foraminous cooling.

cylinder and having a plurality of pieces struck upwardly from its upper side to provide openings and deflectors, means for supplying gas under pressure to said pipe to be discharged through said openings, against said deflectors and thence into direct contact with the film passing oversaid foraminous cooling cylinder, end disks carried by openings toward said line of separation and saidsheet metal pipe and projecting outwardly therefrom toward said foraminous cooling cylwith said drying drum and at an elevation in which the upper part of said friction cylinder is arranged a substantialdistance above said knife to'provide an' upwardly moving stretch in the film between said knife and friction cylinder and in the length of film loosely hung upon the greater part of the surface of said friction cylinder above its axis, means for driving. said friction cylinder at a suitable speed in relation to said drying drum to provide tension in said upwardly moving stretch of film and means for directing jets of coolin gas against said upwardly moving stretch of film.

16. Apparatus for removing and cooling 9. continuous film of material of the character described after severance from the surface of a revolving heated drying drum by a knife, comprising a friction cylinder arranged adjacent to.and parallel with said knife and having its periphery formed to provide a friction face adapted to engage frictionally the film loosely hung upon the friction cylinder to provide tension in the stretch of said film between said drying drum and friction cylinder, means for driving said friction cylinder at -a suitable speed in relation to said drying drum to effect said tension in said stretch of film between said drying drum and friction cylinder and vertically guided supporting means for said friction cylinder and permitting said friction cylinder to be readily elevated to afford access to said knife.

17. Apparatus for removing and cooling a continuous film of material of the character described after severance from \,the surface of a revolving heated drying drum' by a knife; comprising a friction cylinder arranged adjacent to and parallel with said knife and having its periphery formed to provide a friction face adapted to engage frictionally the film loosely hung upon 18. The method of removing and cooling a continuous film of material of the character described after severance from the surface of a revolving heated drying drum by a knife, which comprises hanging the strip severed 'by said knife upon a cooling cylinder in frictional engagement with the greater part of the peripheral surface of said friction cylinder above its axis and with its end overhanging said cooling cylinder to provide an end hanging from said cooling cylinder, and rotating said cooling cylinder at a suitable speed in relation to said drying drum to provide tension in the stretch of film at said knife and between said drying drum and cooling cylinder through the friction provided betweenthe engaging surfaces of said film and friction cylinder.

19.. The method of removing and cooling a con-v tinuous film of material of the character described after severance from the surface of a revolving heated drying drum by a knife, which comprises hanging the strip severed by said knife upon a cooling cylinder in frictional engagement with the greater part of the peripheral surface of said friction cylinder above its axis and with its end overhanging said cooling cylinder to provide anend hanging from said cooling cylinder, rotating said cooling cylinder at a suitable speed in relation to said drying drum to provide tension in the stretch of film at said knife and between said drying drum and cooling cylinder through. the friction provided between the engaging surfaces of said film and friction cylinder and applying jets of cooling gas immediately adjacent said knife to that surface of said film which contacts said cooling drum and immediately following the severance of saidfilm from said drying drum,

' '20. Apparatus for;v removing a continuous film of material of the character described after severance from the surface of a revolving drying drum 0 by a knife, comprising a friction cylinder mountthe friction cylinder to provide tension in the stretch of said mm between said drying drum and friction cylinder, means for driving said friction 'cylinder at a suitable speed in relation to said drying drum to effect said tension in said stretch each of said posts, a cable connected with each of said end bearing blocks andpassing over the corresponding pulley, a counterweight on the opposite end of each of said cables and means for clamping each bearing block at any desired position along its post.

of film between said drying drum and friction ed adjacent to and parallel with said dryingv drum and having its periphery formed to,provide a friction face upon which said film is loosely hung to engage the greater part of the peripheral surface of said friction cylinder above its axis, and means for driving .said friction cylinder at a suitable speed in relation to said drying drum to provide tension in the stretch of film between said drying drum and friction cylinder through the friction provided .between the engaging surfaces of said film and friction cylinder.

21. Apparatus for removing a continuous film of material ofthe character described after severance from the surface of a revolving drying drum by a knife, comprising a hollow friction cylinder mounted adjacent to and parallel with said dry ing drum andl aving its periphery formed to provide a foraminous friction faceupon which said film is loosely hung to engage the greater-part of the peripheral surface of said friction cylinder above its axis, and means for driving said friction cylinder at a suitable speed in relation to said dryingidrum to provide tension in the stretch of film between said drying drum and friction cylinder through the friction provided between the engaging surfaces of said film and friction cylinder.

GUY N. HARCOURT. CHARLES O. LAVE'I'I'. 

